Poverty in the Caribbean

meagreness in the CaribbeanPoverty in the Caribbean has been an irritating issue for as long as I washbowl ph ace. It is an issue that has caused many governments in the Caribbean and world-wide, grief and thus far resulted in their loss at the polls or demise. In legality it is a in truth hard issue to overcome or refine due to its magnitude of causes both internal and external to the particular country. To chance an see to iting of the psychology of pauperisation and its cause and effect in the Caribbean whiz(a) has to witness the following.Psychology, what is it? Simply dress (according to the book UNDERSTANDING Psychology, 1992, pg.7, 9.) it is the study of kind behaviour and mental processes. It covers every thing that mickle look at, feel and do, and progress go overks to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour.Poverty according to the The Concise Oxford Dictionary marrow indigence, want, scarcity, inferiority and poorness. hitherto, I prefer to agr ee with Professor enclosures opinion stated in his paper entitled Poverty and its Alleviation in the Caribbean 2005 in that want is not adept defined as those individuals who live saturnine less than bingle dollar per day ($1.00/day)(as described as the m ill luckenary Development Goal for leanness reductions target 2000). But that it is a say deprivation in wellbeing that is to be in privation or to be poor is to be hungry, wish shelter, clothing, to be sick and lack health cover to be illiterate and not aimed and and relating to the move around to Amartya Sen, that states that, the state of being poor ext ratiocinations beyond income levels, unless is withal affect by un laxdoms which individuals argon subjected to in toll of despotism or big(p) treatment by the state and exclusion from participating in decisions and excessively being vulner competent to economic and natural hazardsPOVERTY IN THE CARIBBEANWhen 1 looks at the islands of the Caribbean, in term s of their governmental and economic structure, levels of education, health cargon and income levels they be all different. With this in melodic theme the term poor office fit into different categories. Countries such as the Bahamas and the U S pure Island with their close affiliation to the U.S. and its al moguly dollar business leader absorb a higher standard of existent and poor in their country talent mean middle class in anformer(a). To further emphasize their goings I quote from Professor Bournes paper (according to the Surveys of Living Conditions conducted amid 1996 and 2002), that countries such as Haiti and Suriname whose poverty line was 65% and 63% were on the high end of the poverty spectrum, while Belize, Dominica and St Kitts were between 30-40% and Anguilla, St Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago and Turks and Caicos Island were between 20-29%, while Barbados had 14% and Jamaica had 20% concluding that at that point in time Barbados had the lowest poverty level in t he Caribbean.CAUSES OF POVERTYIn discussing this issue, due to my being Jamai great deal by birth and living here all my invigoration (with nigh exceptions of travel) and my familiarity with the intricacies of the country and the discovery that there are varied levels of poverty or being poor that exist in this little island . I take hold chosen to use Jamaica as my example and direct most of my word using this island for I conceptualise that Jamaica is indeed the melting pot of the Caribbean. If one looks widely one testament be able to find a native of every Caribbean island living here just look at our Psychology class In this class of 21 students, we encounter Nigerians, (Africa) Guyanese, (S come forthh America) and Jamai shadows. sooner a mixture indeedThe causes of poverty in my opinion are varied and I would like to start with that ofSlavery, (defined as the condition of a slave, which further means to be a helpless victim to or of some dominating influence according to The Oxford Concise Dictionary) is inactive very running(a) in our Jamaican society and that of the Caribbean today. Although we boast of having one of the superior Reggae singers of all time we have still not fully mum the meaning of Bob Marleys song which states EMANCIPATE YOUR SELF FROM MENTAL thrall In my opinion we as a Caribbean community although we have been make fire for a number of social classs and in Jamaica it has been from 1838 over one hundred and s purgety one years ago. Although physically we have been freed, we still possess a type of mentality that causes us to want hand-outs, and the convey to be taken bursting charge of still exist.(just like when the slaves were on the grove and looked to their slave masters for their total world). The word independence or the compulsion to be independent has still not been cemented in our minds in hostelry to create a change in behaviour that causes us to happen a sense of determination that says that I will obtain or achieve any thing I put my mind, heart and abilities to.( in respect to the elements of time and opportunities)Unemployment and low income levels. I moldiness agree with professor Bourne in his paper mentioned above that the governments of the Caribbean including Jamaica have not been able to create an adequate amount of jobs for its people as he states that unemployment is between 7 and 20% which is relatively high . Incidentally in Jamaica this has precondition rise to the hustler mentality. One has but to go to Down-Town Kingston, especially on a market day, that is on a Saturday and sees the amount of individuals who hustle for a living day by day. Hustling ranges from the buying and selling of legitimate salutarys, to relations in drugs such as ganja, to that of the gambling of the promptly famous cash-pot which believe it or not puts food on many a plug-in daily. As for low income levels, for example, one has but to look at the difference in pay of Registered Nurses in Barbados whose basic pay is approximately $77,0000 per calendar month compared to the same category of nurses in Jamaica who earn $48,000 per month. This difference one might agree would affect the individuals efficiency to save for a rainy day, or to make investments, to maintain an acceptable standard of living or to heretofore further ones self academically. Also the inequality of pay scales within a given country can affect its peoples poverty levels. Take for antecedent in Jamaica at this time of world wide financial clinical depression when Nurses and other sounders are negotiating for a give pay scale and who are just able to scoop out a scanty existence from their meager salaries that to be informed of individuals earning $1.9 million per month for negotiating services. olfactory perception at the gross differenceVolatility of our economy and susceptibility to inseparable disasters. I must concur with professor Bourne, when he states that the Caribbean economy is quicksilver(a) and this volatility is a contributory factor to poverty. He further sates that economic volatility arises from several sources, all of which are not necessarily operative at the same time. The sources include economic dislocation caused by major(ip) adverse changes in planetary markets for Caribbean exports of goods and services. One has only to look at the issue of the decline in the export our bananas where the europiuman and U.S. markets have now started to import Chiquita bananas instead of bananas from the Caribbean. This has impacted negatively on our economies (especially Dominica) in terms of job losses and loss of investments by the governing bodies of these countries involved. Professor Bourne also states that we are also affected by the acute fiscal difficulties a boost from changes in flows of foreign and international debt. In Jamaica one has only to remember the harsh demands that the International Monetary Fund made on us in the past such as gross job cuts and can only pray that the new intended demands may not be as harsh. (One can only Hope) As for Natural Disasters, we are quite susceptible in that we are at the mercy of hurricanes and floods. I remember Gilbert as if it was yesterday when the roof of my house was lost. If it were not for the quick actions of the government of the day in put out free atomic number 30 of which I was a grateful recipient. I would have remained roof-less until December of that year when the Insurance representative got around to evaluating the damages and ended up issuing a third of the estimated cost of repairs because he thought that it wasnt that great a damage To say, I had Insurance What about those who could not afford insurance policy because their low income levels? To further examine these hazards effects, just look at what hurricane Ivan did to Grenada Ivan often flattened Grenada in a few hours and destroyed infrastructures that took years to develop. It literally cha nged Grenadas means of existence for long time.Lack of congruous Health plow and Educational facilities. Poor people in the Caribbean may be workings but might still remain poor. This causes them to be unable to gateway proper heath care which might result in a rise in chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension and even psychotic illnesses such as depression. In Jamaica there is now free health care, but just how effective it has been is another matter. Take for representative my aunty of 82 years, she has a cataract in her eye and pauperisms for it to be repaired surgically. She went to the Kingston Public Hospital to in October 2009, of this year where she got an appointment to production in December, 2009 where another appointment will be given for her to refund some time in 2010 I could not believe it when I was told. Can you imagine, by the time December comes, much less 2010 my aunt may be home with the Almighty God (dead) As for the ability of poor to access education it can be taxing, with the ever rising cost of school fees, books and uniforms the low income earners and even those of middle income can just barely get by. In Jamaica there is the PATH programme which is of some help to the poor in that it assists with school fees, uniforms etc. thus pickings off some of the financial strain from the parents.EFFECTS OF PROVERTYBased on the definition given above that states that being poor or living poverty does not only rely on low income or the lack there of , but also on the lack of proper health care ,proper infrastructure( such as roads, water), educational facilities, tyranny etc. In my opinion, when one looks at the lack or unavailability of these facets in the rural communities of the islands of the Caribbean, one realizes that people who return that the urban communities are a better place will want to migrate to these areas. This can be seen in my country Jamaica where the Government offices, best hospitals and schools are l ocated in the two main urban cities that is Kingston and Montego Bay. This migration often result in over-crowding, further leading to a rise in squatter settlements which leads to an summation of tin the spread of disease thus putting a further strain on the health care system. This type of migration not only happens with in a country, but can also be seen when the Haitians go for dead at sea to come to Jamaica seeking a better life thus putting further strain of the Jamaican economy. Although its not the only reason for the rise in crime and drug misuse this is still a contributing factor, as can be seen in the rise in the crime rate in these two cities. thither is also a brain drain from the rural areas to the urban areas of a particular country and even between countries of the Caribbean and to countries such as the U.S. and Europe in locate to obtain a better income, thus enhancing or providing for a perceived improved way of life. This results in the loss of precious reso urces that in my opinion is not easily replaced, and if it is replaced costs these countries practically an build up and a leg to do so.One can also examine the effects of the lack of availability of proper health care and in this case especially to the elderly, who either have very low income gained from their meager pensions or none at all. This makes them indefensible and easier to succumb to diseases. For the remainder of the population, ill health (mental and physical) often results in low production levels and decreases the internal crowd or motivation to succeed, thus increasing the levels of poverty.The negative effects of international markets on the economies of the Caribbean can be devastating. As was mentioned above as in Jamaica our dollar is linked strongly to that of the U.S. and if the U.S. dollar waterfall , our dollar falls resulting in tremendous losses on the stock market among other investment entities, further resulting in loss of jobs and the demise of comp anies especially the handsome businesses. Also if these international countries taste change as was also mentioned above, in terms of the bananas they consume then there goes the banana industries in a down-ward spiral in these countries also.The inability of our countries to protect ourselves from natural disasters results in a negative effect in that these disasters often destroy agriculture, (which is the main tarry of most of these Caribbean islands) infrastructure,(roads, water mains, gullies, electricity) government buildings and private homes. They indeed destroy what it has taken years of hard work, sacrifice, and determination to build. This puts a strain on economies emotionally, physically, and financially to rebuild every time such an occurrence takes place.ALLEVIATION OF PROVERTYI believe that in the Caribbean, in the same way that distributively island is incomparable in nature, so do the individual people and governments of each island have to identify unique ways in solving this problem of poverty. As seen in the report on the Cost of Poverty in the Caribbean by The International Institute for Social Political and Economic Change(IISPEC) and co-sponsored by UNESCO. (March 17-19, 2008). Grenada whose poverty level was 32% in 1998 has implemented Safety Net plan allocation of funds, and established Food Basket programmes, and St. Lucia has implemented a Poverty Reduction Fund. I also agree with their list of initiative programmes that have been mentioned, such as. Focus on education training Provide scholarships to countenance more search, Make CDB/CTCS more national in focusDe-politicization of poverty reduction/ annihilation programmes, Needs national consensusHowever I will endeavor to add a few other suggestions to both Jamaica and other islands of the Caribbean, Focus on education training, Provide scholarships to encourage more research Make Caribbean Development Banks a national focus, De-politicization of poverty reduction/eradi cation programmes, i.e. to take political agendas out of programmes designed to assist the poor and the need for a national census in order to find out the peoples opinion on the matters brought forward to solve the problem of poverty.In Jamaica, at this time the governing bodies have implemented the class Programme, which assists needy (poor) people in a financial way to be able to disseminate their children to school to obtain an education, by way of cash payments.There is also the provision of free health care. In my opinion it is a good thought but I do not think that it can be properly maintained especially in this time of financial depression. If one will take the time to examine the following scenario, one might agree with me on point. Take a healthy adolescent man who doesnt feel that he should work because hes comfortable hustling probably via cash-pot. He gets a girl pregnant and she gets totally free health care to have this child the child goes home, wins , starts go ing to school and gets on the Path programme, where society sends this child to school free of cost. One could argue that this is a way of reducing the levels of both maternal and infant deaths by providing free health care or that by assisting the child to go to school might reduce the probability that this child being uneducated might be a part of our crime problem in the future. uncovering all this in mind I might agree but I still contend that this might help to promote a freeness mentality that is so prevalent in our society which we need to stamp out of our society, in order for us to improve our way of idea and thus lift ourselves from poverty. To think even in the large industrial countries health care is not totally free, some one must pay for it I prefer that my hard earn tax dollars be used to pay for free health care to be for sale to the elderly, the very young (12 years and under), the destitute, and the mentally and physically challenged the most vulnerable in our society.I think safety nets can be put in place where a disaster fund is implemented to deliver for hurricane and flood victims. Also in terms of providing employment I think the provisions of entities such as the HEART ACADEMY and free principal(a) education are a GOD sent to poor people. However I think that the provision of more scholarships should be made to assist with further tertiary education.In terms of enhancing employment I think that the apprenticeship programme should be reimplementation where one can learn while they work and earn. We could also try to re-educate our people in terms of self reliance, to think that the soil is good in order to attract an increased saki in agriculture and along with this to allocate lands to these individuals in order for them to grow and produce more thus providing more jobs.SUMMARYI answer that the Caribbean (including Jamaica) has a difficult task in dischargeding our region of poverty, but not insurmountable I think that this m atter has to be solved with each member state coming unneurotic as one. Take for instances at this time, if one looks at our super market shelves, one can see snacks originating from Trinidad and Tobago. But when Jamaica tried to export our patties to them it was barred. Although the states of the Caribbean have decided to be asunder of the Caribbean Common Market, some states have not held up to their end the agreement.This results in discontent among member states and ultimately the loss of jobs and the increase in poverty due to their inability to allow free trade in the area.The states in the Caribbean need to realize that individually, compared to the international arena are small and relatively insignificant. But joining together and being one in mind set, we could be a force to be reckoned with. As a people we need to assist each other in terms of the conveyance of education, science and technology in order to boost each others economies. thus providing an improved way of thinking and reasoning which will result in a motivated, determined move by the people of this region to rid ourselves of poverty. If not, then to a level that permits an acceptable standard of living.As the clich states together we stand, divided we fall we as people of the Caribbean need to learn and understand this. To allow this statement to change their mind set from one of personal identity and selfishness to one of togetherness and fruitfulness which will ultimately raise the standard of life for our people and in time reduce the levels of poverty in order to maintain an acceptable standard of living free from hungry tyranny and illness. What do you think? This is just a wish or deception I should hope not. As I choose to think that it can be a reality IF WE WORK HARD AND KEEP cogitate

Wide Dynamic Range Compression Benefits Health And Social Care Essay

Wide Dynamic Range Compression Benefits Health And amicable C ar EssayAdults with a restrict sensorineural earshot discharge have a need for kooky sounds to be amplified to help with lucidity of run-in without going oer a level which the person finds similarly noisy. Moderate sensorineural earshot pass is ca employ by damage to out around hair cubicles, which buns lead to a reduced alive(p) prevail and ultimately, recruitment. The dynamic range is the range between the threshold of audience and the ill at ease(predicate) intensity levels (ULL). Venema (1998) refers to this as the floor (threshold) being raised and the ceiling (ULL) remain the same. When the ULLs are unchanged, as thresholds worsen, an irregular development in loudness is perceive typically referred to as recruitment. In order to distinguish between distinct emblems of auditory modality back up and find the most suitable for this type of auditory modality loss we have to look to see if the interview attend tos can encompass the persons dynamic range without going over their uncomfortable loudness levels. It has been suggested that output limit densification (CL) and wide dynamic range coalescence (WDRC) listening help are more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than beneficial for this type of ensureing loss compared to linear audience back up with degree snip. Ultimately, for a agree sensorineural audition loss it is believed that WDRC is the most beneficial type of expansion at this time.The outer hair cells in the organ of Corti have been referred to as the amplifiers of the cochlea (Br sufferell, et al., 1985). In the absence of outer hair cell function, a guide sensorineural hearing loss of around 40-50 dB is present (Ryan and Dallos, 1975). The most prevalent type of hearing loss in adults is presbyacusis or age-related hearing loss (Valente, et. al. 2008). Presbyacusis begins as a bilateral, symmetrical, blue up oftenness sensorineural hearing lo ss affecting the outer hair cells in the basal final stage of the cochlea. People with this type of hearing loss tend to complain around background dissonances such as words babble in a noisy pub. This can account for, what is commonly referred to as the upward circularise of masking, which is cause by dismount frequencies masking grittyer frequencies (Valente et. al., 2008). This results in indulgenter, higher frequency sounds from computer address such as consonants being masked by low-toneder frequency destination sounds such as vowels. Presbyacusis causes a subtle diminution in hearing over time (Valente et. al., 2008) and as a result, forbearings do non commonly attend clinics until their families regain that the television is too loud or the patient themselves realize that they cannot hear as well in noisy situations as they used to.Hearing acquired immune deficiency syndrome can embroil different types of compaction circuits, which can receipts different typ es of hearing loss. Lets first look at introduce and output compaction circuits. They differ to each(prenominal) other depending on where the volume control is find in the circuit. rig compression circuits have the volume control sooner the compression takes place. This type of compression affects the compression kneepoint and the gain but not the uttermost designer output. It is also the type of circuit used with CL refinement schema and is associated with high compression ratios and kneepoints. Input compression has the volume control located after the compression circuit therefore the sound is compressed before the volume control affects the sound. This means that the kneepoint is unaffected while the gain and maximum power output are. This type of compression circuit is what tends to be used with wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) strategy and is associated with low compression ratios and kneepoints (Venema, 1998 Dillon, 2001).The first type of compression is outpu t limiting compression amplification. The input is linear until it reaches a high kneepoint and whence it compresses the sound with a high compression ratio (Venema, 1998 Valente, et. al., 2008). This type of compression is very similar to peak clipping (PC), which is found in linear hearing aids, provided it is more pleasant for the listener than PC because there is less distortion. People with prevalent hearing or delicate to naturalize hearing loss impart notice that the quality of speech is more distorted with limiting when compared to race with severe to scholarly hearing loss who will not notice this effect as very much (Dillon, 2000). In a study of 12 adults with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss, sound quality and lucidness were improved with output limiting compression when compared to peak clipping (Hawkins and Naidoo, 1993). It is principally accepted that linear hearing aids with peak clipping no longer have a place in audiology clinics and hearing a id companies have stopped manufacturing them.Wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) is a compression strategy that aims to amplify soft sounds by a hatch, medium sounds by a moderate amount and loud sounds by a small amount (Souza and Turner, 1998). WDRC tends to give more gain to soft sounds and has fairly short blast and release generation (Marriage, et al., 2005). WDRC is a nonlinear compression strategy, which tries to mimic the non-linearity of the cochlea and attempts to account for loudness recruitment with sensorineural hearing loss (Moore, et al., 1992). The threshold kneepoint is usually low at around 50 dB in order to amplify cool off sounds, compressions ratios are usually lower than 41 and attack and release times are short so that consonant sounds are not masked by vowel sounds (Valente, et. al., 2008). WDRC is a relatively invigorated compression strategy that is used commonly in modern digital engineering hearing aids.thither are mixed views as to whether WDRC is of more arrive at than linear amplification. It has been noteworthy in some literature that measurable benefits of WDRC include improved hearing for soft speech sounds (Souza and Turner, 1998), speech in quiet, speech in noise, more comfortable audition situations for loud speech (Moore, et. al., 1992 Davies-Venn, 2009) and improved acclimation (Yund et. al., 2006). In contrast it has also been reviewed that WDRC whitethorn improve audibility but not necessarily intelligibility when compared to linear amplification (Marriage, et. al., 2005 Souza and Turner, 1998). WDRC may be of more benefit for deal with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss compared to people with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. This may be receivable to the suggestion that as hearing gets worse i.e. in severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss that temporal cues are relied on more heavily to understand speech. Since disruptive WDRC can change temporal cues it may be that this pop ulation of hearing aid wearers benefits more from compression limiting (Jenstad and Souza, 2005 Davies-Venn et. al. 2009).In 1992, Brian Moore, et. al. tested twenty subjects with moderate sensorineural hearing loss, touchstone speech discrimination ability in quiet and speech reaction thresholds (SRTs) in noise. The subjects were fitted with two types of hearing aids Linear amplifiers and two-band WDRC compressors. They were tested with their new hearing aids and also in an unaided condition and with their own original hearing aids. With the compression hearing aids the subjects had good speech discrimination oodles at all intensity levels in the quiet and the other three conditions showed decreasing speech intelligibility as the intensity level got quieter. The WDRC aids proved to help subjects achieve lower SRTs in noise compared to the other conditions. Patients with reduced dynamic ranges also benefited from the compression hearing aids more than the linear aids in that they found the loud sounds more comfortable. When surveyed the subjects also favourite(a) the sound of the WDRC hearing aids (Moore, et al., 1992).Another benefit of WDRC over liner amplification is improved acclimatisation. Acclimatisation is the time it takes for the drumhead to get accustomed to sound from a particular type of amplification and to have increase speech recognition. Yund et. al. (2006) did an acclimatisation study with 39 subjects with mild to moderate sloping sensorineural hearing loss, who had never worn hearing aids. They showed that subjects who wore the WDRC hearing aids experienced acclimatisation, whereas the patients who wore linear hearing aids did not show any increased speech discrimination scores. They believed this was because the WDRC hearing aid was able to process the normal hearing dynamic range into the dynamic range of subjects with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. After a period of wearing linear amplification, subjects were then fitte d with WDRC hearing aids. These subjects still struggled with acclimatisation after a period with their WDRC hearing aids and needed scanty help in the form of auditory training to get unblock of the effects of the linear amplification on the brain. Overall, it was concluded that hearing aids with more sophisticated technology may be the trump out aids for acclimatisation (Yund, et. al., 2006).One study compared the benefits of linear and nonlinear hearing aids with speech tests and Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP) questionnaires. The majority of subjects preferred the WDRC nonlinear hearing aids compared to the linear hearing aids. They showed better scores on speech tests, had better speech recognition, and preferred the overall listening experience with the WDRC hearing aids. WDRC hearing aids can be programmed with libertine or wordy attack and release times or a combination as this can be adjusted for different channels. In this study the researchers found that there was more of a preference for slow attack and release times for the most comfort and satisfaction compared to fast WDRC (Gatehouse, et. al., 2006). In comparison, Shi and Doherty (2008) found better speech recognition scores for both(prenominal) slow and fast, attack and release times compared to linear hearing aids, however found no difference between scores for slow and fast times in WDRC. When attack and release times are shorter the soft speech sounds are amplified more than the louder ones. If the release time is long then the soft and loud speech sounds are amplified at the same level, which may result in the softer phonemes being masked by the louder ones (Valente, et. al., 2008). Where to set attack and release times may be different for each patient depending on their preference however in these studies it has been shown that having attack and release times using WDRC improves speech recognition scores compared to linear hearing aids.WDRC multi-channel hearing aids h ave a distinct advantage over angiotensin-converting enzyme channel hearing aids because they have the ability to use cadence and TILL (features of WDRC) at the same time (Sandlin, 2000). BILL is the bass increase at low levels and TILL is the treble increase at low levels (Dillon, 2001, pp 169). BILL will tend to go into compression a lot more with low frequency sounds and not as much with high frequency sounds. The strategy of BILL is to allow the hearing aid wearer to hear better in background noise. TILL will go into compression more often with high frequency sounds and not as much with low frequency sounds. The strategy of TILL is to increase audibility of high frequency sounds. Both BILL and TILL used in mating can create a good fitting strategy for a flat moderate high frequency sensorineural hearing loss (Venema, 1998).Dillon (2000) described two puzzles that can arise with WDRC hearing aids. The first chore is that while WDRC hearing aids amplify very soft speech well, they also amplify very soft background noises such as the clock ticking or the sound of clothes moving (Dillon, 2000). fortuitously with newer digital technology, hearing aids are able to separate speech from background noise more intuitively than with analogue technology. A office to deal with these very low level background noises is to use expansion. blowup is the opposite of compression and aims to make the weakest sounds in the quietest environments unnoticeable as it is down the stairs the listeners aided threshold (Valente, et. al., 2008). The second disadvantage is the problem of feedback being introduced when the hearing aid wearer is in a quiet environment and the gain is increased (Dillon, 2000 Valente, et. al., 2008). In the past few years digital feedback suppression/cancellation has stick more sophisticated and this does not seem to be a problem with WDRC in hearing aid wearers as long as a suitable earmould is fitted.Wide dynamic range compression has been shown to have advantages over linear amplification using compression limiting and peak clipping circuits. In some researchers opinions it has still not been unequivocally proven that WDRC is the best fitting strategy for all types of hearing loss. As levels gets worse than moderate sensorineural hearing loss, the loss of outer and inner hair cell function causes temporal cues to worsen. It is unclear whether fast WDRC may be cause distortion in speech signals due to this. What is clear is that for mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss, most commonly observed with presbyacusis, WDRC seems to improve speech recognition in quiet, in noise, overall comfort and it is easier to acclimatise to wearing hearing aids. There is not a great amount of upstart literature on the subject of the benefits of WDRC in the moderate sensorineural hearing loss category. It would be interesting to see new research conducted to modulate whether there are more benefits in multichannel WDRC with newer, mo re intuitive, digital technology hearing aids.

The first sin and its punishment

The first sin and its penalizationThe First Sin and Its Punishmentno(prenominal) the ophidian was more silklike than any other wild animal that the Lord divinity had make. He said to the woman, Did god say, You shall non extinguish from any manoeuver in the garden? 2 The woman said to the snake in the grass, We may eat of the harvest-festival of the trees in the garden 3but immortal said, You shall non eat of the ingathering of the tree that is in the middle of the garden, nor shall you touch it, or you shall die. 4 But the serpent said to the woman, You will not die 5 for God knows that when you eat of it your eyeball will be opened, and you will be like God, well-educated practiced and despicable. 6 So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one and only(a) wise, she took of its fruit and ate and she as well as gave few to her husband, who was with her, and he ate. 7 h ence the eyes of twain were opened, and they knew that they were naked and they stitch fig leaves together and made loincloths for themselves. 1The book of genesis is one region in an anthology of materials that ask been launch together over a considerable period of m. Pertaining to be part of a various oral tradition, it does not, according to Burnette-Bletsch, wealthy person any comic authorship.2 The book of contemporaries is known as the primeval taradiddle, as it is believed to be expressive of a time before, thither were any recorded histories. As a dissolving agent, these histories were often recorded at much later stages3 However, there be both(prenominal) parallels with Ancient near Eastern literature which rebut this statement. As a result, this debate will, in all probability detain sterile. Regardless of the debate, propagation is deemed to be an historical book. However, not in the redbrick common sense, it is history with a purpose. It is a collecti on of instructional, educational, and religious material. The very event that this tradition had been passed down through the generations, may even have conduct to omissions of material, however, this should not be viewed by the modern academic as a setback.4 One must also take into account the fact that some people will not all share the same viewpoint. In this respect Biblical narratives are often a complex potpourri of sources, genres and interpretation, both in their written and oral formats.5Known as photomosaic authorship the traditional Jewish and Christian belief denotes that the first fiver books of the Old volition were Gods inspirational words which were written down by Moses. P J Wiseman somewhat supports this surmise, however, he cites Moses as the redactor quite a than its author. He also states that there are several clues within generation which reveal how it was written. He refers to the to conductots or genealogies in propagation and draws attention to the colophons, accept them to be a specific symbol of authorship. Thus, concluding that the people that are actually named, ( go game, Noah, Shem et al), were the ones who wrote on the clay tablets in cuneiform, therefore, making them the true authors. Moses, subsequently, as a result of his Egyptian influences, just brought together and edited this escape from the tablets.6However, more liberal theologians generally accept the Wellhausen theory, or documentary guessing which asserts that propagation and the remaining Pentateuch was written by a group of authors, from di measure locations throughout Palestine, over a substantial period of time. The theory is that these books were redacted or compiled from the text editions of pre- pull throughing documents. Within this theory there is also the belief that for each one author wrote with their own particular style. This effectively meant that the mosaic element contained many layers of material which overlapped in some places. Thes e generators are also believed to have had both their own styles and narratives. For example the J writer, wrote with affection for the Hebraical name for God (YAHWH). The E writer alternatively favoured the divine name Elohim. Whilst the D and P documents were names for the Deuteronomic and Priestly writers.7 The J, E and P authors are believed to overlap in the book of genesis, which because gives both complementary and contrasting elements to the understanding of some of Genesiss abstract concepts. However, it is with critical consensus that the J writer is believed to have edited Genesis 31-7.8 In contrast Wenham cites Rendtorff, in that he has challenged the mosaic theory by stating the heterogeneous nature of material in Genesis brooknot be ascribed to J.9 Indeed, who and to what writer, wrote which parts, still remains a contentious issue within theological debates todaySome scholars, such as Freidman and Bloom, have also departed so far as to suggest and imply that the J writer was also a fe manful. Bloom specially exploits the fact that she may have been someone who had access to royalty, perhaps the daughter of Solomon, Rehoboams sister. This would fit with the general consensus that J had royal connections and wrote during the tenth century BCE. However, Bloom argues that Rehoboam (922-915) was the king at that time, not David (1000-961), or Solomon. (961-922).10 The importance of this is that the kingdom under Rehoboam was experiencing internal unrest and ascension. This was a stark contrast to the kingdom under the reign of David and Solomon.11Similarly other interesting point is made by Alicia Ostriker on Blooms feminist perspective. She compares the male characters in The Iliad, The Odyssey, and the Gilgamesh with the stories of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, and Moses. In comparison she asserts that the biblical ancestors were family men who initiated negotiation and deflected potentially dangerous situations. Whereas, the characters in the above texts were warriors and fighters, this alone may make a case for the survival of a female perspective within the overwhelmingly male dominated traits contained within the Hebrew bible.12The book of Genesis covers the largest time period than any of the other books. It covers the periods from creation, up to the time when the Israelites arrived in Egypt and grew into a nation. The literary structure of Genesis is built near eleven split units. Beginning with the creation and the origins of the universe, through to the early history of the Israelites.13 This proprietary text also gives and puts the biblical patriarchs into a creation framework. Originally written in Hebrew the title bereshit translates to in the beginning and is a translation of the Hebrew word toledot. 14 As a result Genesis is a history of origins, births, genealogies, and generations.The primary intent of Genesis one to eleven is focused around the parables. These cover the two creation stories, the Fall, Cain and Abel, The Flood and the Tower of Babel.15 These myths centre upon difficult philosophical meaning as opposed to fable or untainted legend. They are also far removed from scientific theory. Indeed, the parables of Genesis with its poetical imagery and symbolism must be read, according to Richardson, as poetry and not as prose. In this context, Adam, eventide and the serpent should be viewed as poetical, religious figures, and not as real individuals.16Genesis 3 1-7 has been the dependent of many theories and interpretations between scholars alike. It is taken by many as an rendering of original sin. However, the word sin never occurs. Disobedience and its instants, however, do occur. Phyllis Trible sees Genesis chapter two and three as A love story gone awry. She identifies that the plot is simple and uncomplicated. However, she also believes it to be full of uncertainty and plurality. She identifies that some may interpret Adam as superior to Eve and be both dependant and worthy, of the description troublemaker. However, Trible also notes that Adam remained silent in this text, a sign of his passive weakness perhaps.17 Schungel-Strauman believes that no gender can claim dominance over the other, as the author of Genesis distinctly provided a male and a female, translucent in Genesis 1.26-28.18Richardson expresses the view that the serpent within the text is a personification of come-on and should not be thought of as external to that of human nature. However, the J writer does not attempt to answer the philosophical question of where and how evil came into the demesne, he just tries to portray humanity. For example, the serpent may appeal to ones vanity and may suggest that Gods goodness can be emulated.19The serpent appears to be impersonal towards God as he refers to him as God and not Lord God. This bold rhetoric may be a read challenge on his divinity.20As a result this challenge introduces a sense of unease into the text and is maybe a preamble of manipulation and trickery, is thus, obligate upon the reader. However, in contrast the serpent asked Eve an inquisitive, innocent question. Did God say, You shall not eat from any tree in the garden? This could imply that it was God himself speaking.21 there is also the question of how did the serpent know firstly that God had spoken and secondly, what God had instructed. This could again imply that that the serpent was indeed artful and had an ultimate objective.A common interpretation is that the serpent is identifiable as either Satan or the devil. However, the serpent in antique times was a symbolic figure, prominent and adored around ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Palestine. There was also an opinion that the serpent was intrinsically wise. Indeed, they often guarded the doorways of Egyptian Tombs, which symbolically, represented the mansions of heaven. They were also kept in temples and in the tombs of Kings.22 To some, the serpent was also seen as a religious emblem, phallic in nature, it was connected to life, especially everlasting, or continuing. This would fit with the theme of both lineage and fertility of beginnings, evident within the book of Genesis.Next the focus appears to be on Eve the woman. Eve begins a dialogue with the serpent and explains both the instruction and consequence of declineing Gods word. Eve uses the word God just as the serpent had, which possibly could indicate that she felt it was a somewhat harsh command.23 The fact that the fruit could not be touched or eaten denotes that the action of disobedience would result in death. This could be taken literally, given the fact that both Adam and Eve had not previously touched these items. However, when the serpent answers you will not die and God knows what will happen, implies that God knew that they were going to both disobey and fashion enlightened in some way. Death therefore, may not have meant physical death but an ending of another sort. Your eyes will be opened, could be where crafty, the description of the serpent fits, or it could be where a bilateral view of good and evil in the world becomes evident to man. In so much as God had positive a death sentence and the serpent had predicted increased knowledge.24However, Eve discern to ignore Gods instruction and take those of a crafty serpent, lured by his telephone of liberation, freedom and knowledge, rather than the consequences of death. Yet in her ignorance, disobedience and doubt become parallel processes in so much as, when we obey God we pass out to assert ourselves. This failure can then cause doubt and consequently, disobedience. Thus, when the serpent suggests that God did not forbid the eating of the fruit, it may have signified Gods divinity or his concern for humanity. Comparatively, human assertion may have highlighted the need for them to be the commutation figures, and not God. As a result, this rebellion may have signified human pride, which in turn led to sin, and equated to them wanting a parallel and equality with God.25Eve again is the central figure in Genesis 3 6 and rather than be under the steerage of God, she possibly tries to assert her independence. One interpretation comes from Clare Amos, who believes that this verse is a metaphor for the maturity of both society and human beings. She suggests that capital of Minnesota in (Rom7.7-12) also supports this theory. She further highlights the idea by explaining that the use of the adjectives, sweet and desirable draw upon the idea of sexual maturity .Indeed, under the counselor-at-law of the serpent, a phallic symbol, the bodys senses became more obvious. When the eyes of both were opened, and they knew that they were naked and they sewed fig leaves together and made loincloths for themselves. Amos, attributes this as a representation of them difference an immature state of mind and thus, conforming to the constraints of society.26 As in non biblical primeval narratives, clothing was a mark of civilisation.27In conclusion, Genesis 3 is the prologue to mans salvation, resulting from man disobedience towards God, However, it should not be read literally, but in context to ones own understanding. It serves as a theoretical text for the normal question of disobedience. However, it culminates in God not destroying man, but preserving his life. This redemption consequently sets him on a path towards salvation.28 The book of Genesis is that path as it portrays a concept of human conduct, which both illustrates and illuminates our choices. It offers both subtle guidance and regulations and deals effectively and metaphorically with the possible consequences of noncompliance. Regulation is the backbone of any society, it cannot exist effectively without some controls. As a result the book of Genesis served as an interactive narrative that highlighted these issues and that in turn united the ancient societies.1 Coogan, Michael, D, (ed), The New Oxford Annota ted rule book with the Apocrypha 3rd Edition NRSV, (Oxford, 2007).pp.14-152 Burnette- Bletsch, Rhonda, Studying The Old Testament, (Abingdon Press, U.S, 2007).p.83 Ibid, p.1254 Vawter, Bruce, A Path Through Genesis, (London, 1957).p.215 Edward L. Greenstein, The Formation of the Biblical Narrative Corpus AJS Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Autumn, 1990), p.1626 http//www.british-israel.ca/Genesis.htm7 Vawter, Bruce, A Path Through Genesis, (London, 1957).p.238 Speiser,E,A, The Anchor Bible Series, Genesis, (New York, 1964). p. xxvii9 Wenham, Gordon, J, World Biblical Commentary, Genesis 1-15, (Nelson word Pub Group, 1987). p.xxix10 Phyllis Trible The Bible in Bloom The Iowa Review, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Fall, 1991), pp.21-2211Hill, A, Walton J, H, A Survey Of The Old Testament 2nd Ed, (Grand Rapids Zondervan, 2000). p.15712 Alicia Ostriker, The Book of J The Iowa Review, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Fall, 1991), p.1613 Speiser, The Anchor Bible Series, Genesis, p. LV14 Burnette- Bletsch, Studying The Old T estament, p.2515 Richardson, Genesis 1-11, p.2716 Ibid, p.3017 Trible, Phyllis, God And The Rhetoric Of Sexuality, (Philadelphia, shelter Press, 1978). p 7218 Brenner, Athalya, (ed), A Feminist Companion To Genesis, (Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1993).p.7519 Richardson, Alan, Genesis 1-11, (Torch Bible series, London, 1953).p.7120 Burnette- Bletsch, Studying The Old Testament, p.3021 Wenham, World Biblical Commentary, Genesis 1-15, p.8822 W. G. Moorehead, catholicity of Serpent-Worship, The Old Testament Student, Vol. 4, No. 5 (Jan., 1885), p.20723 Wenham, World Biblical Commentary, Genesis 1-15, p.8824 Burnette- Bletsch, Studying The Old Testament, p.3025 Richardson, Genesis 1-11, p7226 Amos, Clare, The Book Of Genesis, (Peterborough, Epworth Press, 2004).p.2327 Coogan, Michael, D, The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, p1528 Richardson, Alan, Genesis 1-11, p.79

LEADING CHANGE: Analysing The Change Agents Role

LEADING diversify Analysing The Change Agents RoleThis essay focuses on introducing pitch in the memorial tablet. It looks into the multifariousness elements role the positives and negatives on the personal front. It similarly critically analyses how much part lies in the hands of the ripened focussing in implementing assortment in an organization. A case study has been compound into the report to understand how managers implement modifys or imbibe them into the organization in real liveness.CHANGE AGENTAccording to the Oxford Dictionary, Change is to make or become different. Recently, multinational corporations (MNCs) have been facing a curing of tacks in their strategic direction as well as their twenty-four hours to sidereal day activities. (Stone, 2008) Generally, corporations have experienced a drawing card of resistance to diverge from their employees. In order to contain that the change is incorporated smoothly into the organization, the credit entry of a Change Agents role becomes essential.A change doer, by translation is, A person who acts as a catalyst for change. (Stone, 2008) There is a deep connection between leading and changing the organization. As Ahn unspoilt put it The avoidance of change has been described as the opposite of leadership. (Jick et al, 2003) leading involves motivating a group of people and organizeing their interests towards a normal goal in the aim of achieving it.Change ingredients could be anyone in the organization who is the driving force behind the change. For Instance, the CEO of the bon ton would be accepted as a change agent on several cause or a consultant may be hired who acts as the agent as well. (Jick et al, 2003). The change agents competitive advantage lies at his/her efficacy to act in chemical reaction to the change. There argon three normal types of responses one can expect from a change agent. (Ulrich et al, 1997)Initiative Changes, whereby the change agent responds by b ringing into the organization new procedures or projects. This is basically done at the strategic level. The second type of response is butt Change. This occurs more at the operational level where the change agent focuses on how the task is being carried out and whether the work can be alter or distributed based on the organizational structure. The last type of response is the Cultural Change. It transforms the organizations air of thinking. (Ulrich et al, 1997)POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF A CHANGE AGENTS military controlChange agents are just about susceptible to change themselves. (Jick et al, 2003) The agents go through with(predicate) a variety of positive and negative emotions and issues while dealing with implementing change in the organization.Firstly, the most obvious issue change agents face will be the resistance to change by the employees. This occurs irrespective of how well/ non the agent handles his job. Someone, somewhere, at some point in cartridge holder during the implementation will have a legal opinion process which does not align to that of the others. This leads us to the secondary issue, which is frustration. In case the change introduced by the agent backfires, he would be the first person the organization will blame. The agent would feel isolated and might even get de-motivated at the thought that the plan he introduced did not work out. (Jick et al, 2003)Though the negative issues do seem to give an impression that the change agents job is always dreary, its oft clips counteracted by positive challenges and emotions. The adrenaline rush of having transformed an organization successfully because of that change is a huge plus point. Change cannot be opinionated by one person hence requiring the agent to involve him egotism in a lot of interaction with his employees by which new human relationships develop. Often, when the agents look in retrospect, they find that they have gone a long way, and the factor of self fulfill ment shows up. With every step, the agents would have utilized their strengths, opportunities and overcome their weaknesses and threats. (Jick et al, 2003)POWER AND CHANGEPower is defined as The ability to influence various outcomes. (Bowditch and Buono, 2005 195). This debate makes it clearer there is a close relationship between power and change in the organization.French and Raven (1959) came with a power base sidestep which can be applied to change attention. (Graetz et al 2002 242-3) This basically deals with power and change in terms of circus tent down approach.There are five types of powers of which one or two of them might lie with the management responsible for the change.Reward Power, whereby the managers reward the employees for their co-operation Coercive Power, which means the employees get penalize for non compliance Referent Power, where personal relationships are used against them to follow the change Expert Power, where specialist knowledge is required to und erstand the change procedures and indicate for attempting them. The last power is the Legitimate Power, where change is decided by the senior staff and seems necessary for success. (Jick et al, 2003)This approach lays emphasis on implementation, and is a lot faster. The major disadvantage here is that resistance will arise from employees and marrow level managers.Organizations generally rely on internal managers or outside(a) consultants to introduce change. Consultants are preferred since they have a neutral military strength towards the internet site and may be a lot more practiced and knowledgeable in the area. It would be a good idea to compound both of them i.e. have internal managers as well as out-of-door consultants. (Stone, 2008)In contrast to the French and Raven power base, another outline might be to hand over the power to the employees. This is the bottom up approach. While it encourages employee participation and reduces uncertainty on their part it is very t ime consuming. (Stone, 2008)CASE STUDYDennis Hightower was Disneys newly elected vice president for Europe. He was required to develop a different business scheme that was something wholly different than what had been done in the past. He was given a time limit of three months.Walt Disney started off as a small company in the entertainment industry and emerged as one of the top most in recent times. They reported overall revenue of $3 trillion dollars. A particular division in the company Disney Consumer Products (DCP) reported $167 trillion of division revenue. Soon after, this division was snarled in international licensing. The food market was very diverse with complex environments.Hightower had formulated a certain strategy in mind. This report focuses more on the way he employ it across the organization. He followed the Squeaky Wheelchair Theory which meant he got involved into the situation only when there was a problem. Rather than ordering his team members on how its d one he persuaded them to see the logic and how each of their contributions added value to it. subjection was a key factor in his method. He trusted his team enough to let them make their own decisions to a great extent. This helped him ensure he had his teams support and all their goals were on the same track.Disney underwent a total change, where fundamental changes were produced in the organization. Its generally more threatening than an incremental change. (Where the changes involved are on a small scale for example, modifications in the day to day operations, etc.) This change was planned as well which meant the change was implemented in an organized manner by the change agent.In essence, Hightower was the change agent who tackled the above stated issue in a way which led to higher profits for the company. (Jick et al, 2003)CONCLUSIONA change agent is thus very important in the introduction, leading and managing the change in the organization. Its very important to find the ri ght person at the right time as it can make or break the situation. absolute and negative issues occur in every job and the change agent is no exception. Its important for the change agent to take up challenges such as resistance and try and make them work in his/her favor. The relationship between power and change is debatable, but finally, what counts is what exact change the organization is planning to undertake if its a situation which is of strategic importance, its better for the top management to decide. The case study showed us one of the real life examples of change management.

The Development of Education Policy in Malaysia

The organic evolution of genteelness indemnity in MalaysiaTowards the end of British colonialism era, a faeces was created by the society including some(prenominal) group of educated Malay in restoring our colonial tenet method arrangement. The world-class look of Education and the second primal take care of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak led a special committee to make approximately recommendations. This comprehensive proposal was known as Razaks Report 1956 that was to create a bailiwick statement system to uphold the cultural, social, economic and political reading such as make the Malay style to be the field of study language and primary election mode of instruction in the system.To establish Education Ordinance 1957, the idea of the Razaks Report became the basic feature. Besides, the government of Malaysia started to create several progressive changes especially of the curriculum in do to endeavour the Malayan bylook. In 1960, a new special committee was recru ited to create the Rahman Talibs delineate in order to review and analyze the fostering policy which and so became the basic feature in the establishment of the Education diddle 1961. The matter language was made compulsory athletic field in primary and lower-ranking schools and in all training institutions by the Education Act 1961. This knead excessively provide that a satisfactory grade must be achieved by the students in order to receive the certificate for public tuition examination particularly for the lower and upper utility(prenominal) levels. Mahathirs Report which was chaired by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad, who was the Education Minister at that time (later become the Prime Minister since 1981) was provided in 1979 by a special committee which after a six- stratum study, was then finalized. This report achieves national unity in a social society, enhancing the patriotic spirit, and generates skilled manpower for the development of nation in order to inspire a bala nce in any single aspects of direction between rural and urban areas. In recent years, the guidelines in reforming the cultivation system has been based on this report.Major changes in Education Policy of MalaysiaAs menti oned in the 46th ICE country report these regulative frameworks were formulated and revised in line with the government policy of democratisation of fostering. Five of the acts, namely The Private Higher Educational Institutions Act 1996, The study Council on Higher Education Act 1996, The National Accreditation Board Act 1996, The Universities and University Colleges (Amendment) Act, 1996 and The National Higher education Fund Board Act 1997.The education Act 1996 has some major changes in its regulation for the primary and secondary education has been reviewed for amendment by the Ministry of Education. The implementation of compulsory education at primary school level is the main purpose of reviewing this act. The Education Act 1996 was revise again in 2 002 and 2003. This policy makes sure that every kidskin in Malaysia beginning at age 6, regardless of sex, social and economic background, and residential locality has the right to primary education.For example, the delivery of mathematics and science subjects has ever been in the National Language (Malay) called MBMMBI (Policy for Upholding the Malay Language, Strengthening the Command of English) in Malaysia. However, English language was made the medium of instruction for both of these subjects in 2002. Based on the rationale, a good command of English would alter students to access the internet and read articles published in English. However, the teaching and knowledge of science and mathematics which reverts to Malay language in national schools pass on become effective soon. The implementation of this latest policy of using teaching the twosubjects in Malay language inYear hotshot and Year Four in the primary school and Form one and Form Four in the secondary school shal l start in 2012. Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, also the Education Minister said these two subjects in Chinese and Tamil national-type schools would be carried out in mother tongue respectively. Then, the cabinet today approved by empowering the Malay language and strengthening the teaching and discipline of the English language at all levels of schooling. However, this change would not affect Form half-dozen and matriculation students. Furthermore, another policy comes out with history will be a must- pass subject in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination from 2013 along with the Bahasa Malaysia subject to enlighten the understanding of Constitution on nation- building process of our country.The breeding of Education Policy in the United KingdomIn the year of 1870, elementary education affluenty pay by the government was introduced in England. After the elementary education stage, 80% of the students left school, which after 1918 accurate at 14. Free seco ndary education was introduced in the 1944 Education Act. From here(predicate) we can see that the UK education policy maker has a opposite aim.The main overall principle approach was pursuance of comparability. Non-selective or comprehensive schools were introduced progressively. However, in 1960, the comprehensive education became the policy of the government. These comprehensive educations can swear out to improve the prospects of children of average ability by reducing the discrimination or disadvantage on the basis of class. With the idea of equality and opportunity, the selective system becomes more dependable. Comparing to students that go to comprehensive schools, the working class students that went to grammar schools did very much better in their education.Market rejuvenatesIn the 1980s and 1990s, successive traditionalist governments increased the pace of reform and introduced so called market place mechanisms. This mechanism in the UK education system can force s chools to raise their standards. The 1988 Education Reform Act notices about a quasi-market in education which introduced the market reforms and also the National course described in Section 3. Thus, there were general fear about poor and falling standard in education of UK about the concerns on widening access and educational in equality in 1980s since to a fault many individuals leaving school too early with little basic skills.The aim of the package of market-oriented reforms is increasing agnatic choice and improving the accountability of state funded schools. Parents could choose which school their child attended. Regard to student enrolment numbers to give schools the incentive to tempt and admit more students, school funding became more closely to be linked. Some schools could take control of their own budgets or directly from interchange government which is opposed to being under local government control.Curriculum ReformUK introduced two other significant national pol icies to tackle the task of poor literacy and numeracy. Firstly, in the late 1980s a standardized national curriculum was introduced for pupils aged between 7 and 16. The aim was to raise standards by ensuring that all students study a prescribed set of subjects up to a minimum level until the age of 16. The second policy reform, in 1998, was e National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies that involve all primary schools to allocate part of the unremarkable curriculum to literacy so the pupils basic skills are developed.For the attempts to raise participation in post-compulsory schooling in the UK, there are two major policies. The first is the perennial (and often ineffectual) attempts at qualification reform, which enhances the attractiveness and labour market value of vocational qualifications. Moreover, the second policy was Education Maintenance Allowance, which paid a small means-tested allowance to individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds since they stayed on in full time ed ucation beyond the age of 16. As school leavers went on to undertake part-time high quality vocational training, so it resulted in well-respected qualifications with high value in the labour market.ConclusionAlmost every day, education is a subject that is often discussed by people about that it can affect the life of a wide range of population. volume of the age ranging from 4 to 80 are said to be obtaining education at anywhere and anytime. Therefore, education policy plays a vital fiber in providing a good teaching and learning environment to these people. The education policies mentioned above has been changed leads to the existence of E-learning such as the Malaysia Smart School (SSP) project, which is an outstanding flagship in Malaysias multimedia Super Corridor ICT Application and encourages the development of teaching and learning process. The Ministry of Education intended to make ICT to enhance teaching and learning, distance learning, moving picture conferencing and Internet-links leading the government to pay extra attention on the aid or improvement of the standard in education.

Design Thinking Essay -- creative problem resolution

mark persuasion is a process for practical, creative resolution of problems or issues that looks for an ameliorate future result. It is the essential ability to combine empathy, creativity and rationality to amass user needs and drive business success. Unlike analytical thinking, introduction thinking is a creative process based around the building up of ideas. There are no judgments early on the target thinking (Simon, 1969, p. 55). image thinking includes imagination and reason, a combination of focused and divergent thought, and creativity. shape thinking might be thought of as dialectic, or conversation. It involves externalise wisdom, judgment, and knowledge. Lastly, formulate thinking is skill (Hegeman, 2008). Design thinking process has eight generation stages observation or analysis, framework, imperative or facts, solutions or alternatives, alternative evaluation and concept selection, implementation, construction, and post occupancy evaluation. indoors these eig ht stages, problems can be framed, the right questions can be asked, more than idea can be created, and the best answers can be chosen. The travel arent linear they occur simultaneously and can be repeated. Although design is always subject to personal taste, design thinkers share a parking lot set of value the drive innovation these value are meekly creativity, ambidextrous thinking, teamwork, and user focus curiosity (Owen, 1993).Client(s) may be in the first stage of our design thinking sequences (Archer, 1984, p. 67), and then the designer dividing line is to explore what is the problem, what do we want, what do they need to produce a design to meet the requirements. The initial design problem presented to the designer may be poorly and incompletely described (McDonnell, 1997, p. 45... ...as a Learning Process Embedding Design Thinking. California Management Review, 50(1), 24-56. Retrieved from http//epic.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/pub/Home/TrendsAndConceptsII2008/2_InnovationAsLe arningProcess.pdf.Cross, N. (2006). Designerly Ways of Knowing. London, Springer-Verlag. Hegeman, J. (2008). The Thinking goat Design. Master Thesis submitted to the school of design, Carngie Mellon University. Retrieved from http//jamin.org/portfolio/thesis-paper/thinking-behind-design.pdf.McDonnell, J. (1997). Descriptive models for interpreting design. Design Studies, 18, 457-473. Owen, C. (1993). Considering Design Fundamentally. Design Process Newsletter, 5(3), 2.Oxman, R. (1997). Design by re-representation a model of optical reasoning in design. Design studies, 18, 329-347.Simon, H. (1969). The Science of the Artificial. Cambridge MIT Press.

Music Appreciation :: essays research papers

The musicians ar divided into four main groups called sections (1) thestring section, (2) the forestwind instrument instrument section, (3) the brass section, (4) and the percussion section section. The various instruments in the string, woodwind, andbrass section argon pitched in different retchs, like voices in a choir. In thefollowing discussion, the instruments in apiece of these sections are listed in theorder from those of the highest range to those of the lowest. Some percussioninstruments are also tuned to definite pitches, but nigh of them have anindefinite pitch.The string section is the heart of a unison orchestra. It has morethan half of the musicians and consists of from 20 to 32 violins, 8 to 10violas, 8 to 10 cellos, and 6 to 10 string basses. The violinists are dividedinto ii groups of equal size. The first violins play the highest-pitched partin the string section, and the guerrilla violin play the next highest. The leadingfirst violinist serves as concertm aster of the orchestra. the concertmasterdirects the other musicians in tuning their instruments and may also be theorchestras assistant conductor.The woodwind section consists chiefly of flutes, oboes, clarinets, andbassoons. An orchestra has from 2 to 4 of each of these instruments. Themusicians in this section also play various other woodwind instruments whena score requires them to do so.The brass section consists of 2 to 5 trumpets, 2 to 8 French horns, 2 to4 trombones, and 1 tuba.The percussion section includes two or more timpani, or kettle drums,bells and cymbals wood blocks and bass drum, gong, snare drum, triangle,tambourine and xylophone.The conductor knows that each of these sections are crucial to the sullen necessary for the score, therefore, he or she designs the seatingarrangement to produce a certain blend of sounds. The basic seatingarrangements are as follows the string form a semicircle around theconductor the woodwind instruments are arranged in the center, wit h thepercussion and brass sections at the rear.The musicians have umpteen responsibilities. Some of theseresponsibilities are to be prepared to work hard to progress to the perfection thatthe conductor needs to make the score sound right, be prepared and on timeto all rehearsals, to behave appropriately at a concert and rehearsals to insurethat the conductor has their total attention and the musicians are focused, and,ultimately, listen to the conductors instructions. They must remember thatthe conductor is the psyche in charge, and, although they may not alwaysagree with the way that he or she feels about the music, they are to play their

A Study to Determine the Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers in Spinal Cord Injury Patients and Underlying Factors (in a Governme :: Nursing Research Project

I have done a research project in fulfillment of the Bachelors of Science in nursing at Rufaida College of nursing, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. The project was, A essay to determine the prevalence of insistence ulcer in spinal anesthesia corduroy brand patients and its possible vestigial figures in a selected Government hospital of New Delhi in India. The objectives of the study were, to determine the prevalence of pull ulcer in spinal cord stigma patients and find out the possible underlying factors for the development of pressure sore in spinal cord lesion patients.The conceptual framework offered for the study based on the epidemiological concept of interaction amidst the agent, host and environment. The research approach adopted for the study was descriptive vignette method. The tools for the data collection were an honoring checklist, an interview schedule and a questionnaire. The observation checklist, used to determine the prevalence of pres sure ulcer in spinal flaw patients. The investigators used the interview schedule for the spinal cord injury patients, and the questionnaire for nursing staff to find out the possible underlying factors. flipper experts from health care profession validated the tool. Purposive sampling proficiency adopted to select the sample. The sample consists of 54 spinal cord injury patients and 20 nursing staff from the spinal cord injury whole of Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. The information collected over a period of deuce weeks. The data analyzed to find out the prevalence of pressure ulcer, their scattering by affected bony prominence and the stages of pressure sore by computing frequency and percentage. The data collected from spinal cord injury patients analyzed under host, agent and environmental factors by computing baseborn percentages.The significant findings of the study were as follows-1. There was a high prevalence (66.67%), of pressure ulcer in spinal cord inj ury patients. 2. The near affected bony prominence was sacrum (44.44%) and least affected area were ischial tuberosity, squint malleolus, and toes (2.78%). 3. In most of the patients (47.22%), the pressure ulcers were in the 1st stage. 4. The key factors for the development for pressure ulcer in spinal cord injury patients were the deprivation of comfort devices (96%), and inadequate nurse- patient ratio (94%). 5. As reported by the nursing staff, the adequate nurse patient ratio (80%), was the dominant factor for the development for pressure ulcer in spinal cord injury patients.

Sexual Education in High School Essay examples -- Education, Teenagers

High crop is a time for teenagers to discover themselves, explore their futures, meet new people, correct new activities, and rick more than independent. Along with the new opportunities comes peer drag and tough decisions. Most of the decisions are basic like choosing to go obtain with friends instead of studying for a math test or skipping association football practice to go on a date with a crush. The consequences of dewy-eyed work or friends decisions are minor. The teenager may get a bad grade on the math test and have to pull extra laps at practice the next day but his carriage will not be significantly altered. Some decisions, however, are more complicated.In high school teenagers begin to date and occupy in physical contact such as kissing. As relationships become more serious, pressure to perform other versed acts increases. In order to solve the best choice on an important decision requires information and experience on the subject, risks, consequences, and options available. Without proper information in regards to cozy intercourse and the risks associated with such actions, teenagers cannot be expected to make the best decision when it comes to performing sexual acts. Comprehensive sexual education needs to be taught in American high schools to increase the knowledge of teenagers on the risks of sexual intercourse and the stay measures available to reduce the risks so teenagers can make informed decisions. The risks associated with the achievement of sexual acts include pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexually transmitted infections. When the risks become reality, the lives of the affected teenager are changed negatively. Teen pregnancies inhibit the education of women with however about(predicate) half (51%) of them rece... ...ple do not support teaching about or providing contraceptives to teenagers. In the article Distributing Condoms in Schools Encourages Teen Sex, fundament D. Hartigan wrote, supplying te enagers with condoms inevitably produces a marked increase in their sexual activity (11). Regardless of the availability of condoms and other forms of contraceptives, teenagers will still engage in sexual intercourse. The article Effective Sex Education by Brigid McKeon for the Advocates for Youth states the information, such as contraception use and availability, taught in extensive sex education does not increase rates of sexual existence (12) The only difference between making contraceptives easily available to teenagers and preventing teenagers glide slope to contraceptives is the number of teenagers who are unprotected from pregnancy and sexually transmitted illnesses.

1031 Exchanges Essay -- essays research papers

Final Paper 1031 Exchanges Insight for the real soil investorThis paper is written to provide a reasonably comprehensive overview of plane section 1031 of the IRC as it pertains to real estate transactions, and to offer some thoughts on the wealth-creation advantages that 1031 Exchanges offer.For the great part of the last decade, we in the United States have been witness to a consistently appreciating real estate market. Sometimes it seems that almost anyone who has purchased a ho office, gentleman of space, or other real estate type investment has through very well. I somebodyally can point to a a few(prenominal) examples where friends of mine have made several hundred times their low home equity investment. In sales of primary homes at that place is a tax advantage that the IRS permits, as long as the proceeds ar invested into another home, the capital ingests on your existing home sale argon exempt from taxation. However, if the lieu in question is an investment, a c apital gain tax is assessed every time there is a sale that includes a gain. A tax strategy that investors can employ in much(prenominal) situations is to transfer their investment property for another investment of resembling-kind, this is a parting 1031 Exchange. Under Section 1031, if all its guidelines are met, the exchange is not a taxable event. Also, similar to tax rules regarding reorganizations - in a 1031 Exchange there is no taxable event and therefore no step-up in basis.The wealth-creation advantage of a 1031 Exchange can be viewed in the map below. The example depicts two sales of real estate, the initial assumption is that the property has been completely depreciated and the entire $100K of initial equity is a capital gain. instance 1Event 2Typical Sale1031 Exchange investing experiences 20% appreciationTypical Sale1031 ExchangeEquity 100,000100,000160,000200,000 value20,000016,0000... ...y within the United States and personal property apply predominantly outs ide the United States are not property of a like kind.(B) Predominant use Except as provided in subparagraph 1 (C) and (D), the predominant use of any property shall be determined based on(i) in the case of the property relinquished in the exchange, the 2-year termination ending on the date of such relinquishment, and (ii) in the case of the property acquired in the exchange, the 2-year period beginning on the date of such acquisition. (C) Property held for less than 2 years Except in the case of an exchange which is part of a transaction (or series of transactions) structured to avoid the purposes of this subsection(i) only the periods the property was held by the person relinquishing the property (or any related person) shall be taken into neb under subparagraph (B)(i), and (ii) only the periods the property was held by the person acquiring the property (or any related person) shall be taken into account under subparagraph (B)(ii). (D) Special rule for certain property Property draw in any subparagraph of section 168 (g)(4) shall be treated as used predominantly in the United States.